Communalism-Two Nation theory (stages of communalism)
Communalism is basically an ideology; communal riots are only the consequences of spread of this ideology. Till 1857 Hindus and Muslims had lived together amicacably.Therefore, communal conflict was not implicit in Indian History. The communal question is not merely a matter of religious antagonism between two communities. More than the religious question, the communal problem was politically motivated and charged. The history of Muslim communalism may be divided in to four periods.
 The first period started with the establishment of British Raj in India and ended in 1876.During this period the Muslims remained hostile to the British rule. In mutiny of 1857 was attributed mostly to the Muslims. The British Govt consequently treated them as seditious elements and suppressed them in every form.
 The second period began with the establishment of Muslim Anglo-Oriental(M.A.O)College in 1857 in Aligarh and ended in 1906 with birth of Muslim league.Mr.Thedore Beck Principal of the college played significant role in improving relations between the Govt and the Muslims.
In 1885 the Indian National Congress was established, the British Govt become hostile to it.
In 1905, Bengal was partitioned and weaken the forces of nationalism in India
With the rise of extremist and moderates in congress in 1906,communal electorates were conceded to Muslims in 1909 to drive a wedge between the Muslims and the Hindus.The tables were now turned and Muslims become favour than the Hindus.
 The third period began in 1906 with birth of Muslim league and lasted up to 1938,During this period the Muslim League concentrated on the demand of separate electorate for the Muslims,weightage for them in minority provinces, communal veto and adequate representation in services
 The fourth period began in 1940 when the Muslim league finally decided to formation of Pakistan under the leadership of M.A.Jinnaha. The period ended in 1947 with partition of India.

SEEDS OF PAKISTHAN:
The idea of Pakistan was first conceived by Dr.Mohamad Iqbal in Presidential address at Allahabad session of Muslim League in 1930.
The idea gained ground among the Muslim students at Cambridge under the leadership of Rahamat Ali.
But idea of Pakistan was not seriously entertained by leading Muslim leaders including Mr.Jinnah,who originally had progressive view and was part of congress party till 1920.However by 1940,he was all for Pakistan because of certain circumstances.
Causes which led to the demand for Pakistan
 The refusal of the congress in 1937 to form coalition ministers with the Muslim League in Provinces where the congress was in majority.
 The Muslim league was disappointed with the result of the general elections of 1936-37 because of its failure to capture power in any of the four Muslim majority provinces of Punjab,North-west Frontier Provinces, Sind and Bengal.
 Some leaders of Hindu Mahasabha made utterness which implied that that the future of Muslims in the United was hardly bright. In 1937, V.D.Savarkar was freely preaching the gospel of Hindu Rasthra.He dubbed congress as anti-Hindu and pro-Muslim. The Hindu touch me not system which implied a virtual social boycott of the Muslims. Was mostly resented by Middle-class Muslims.
 Some Muslims believed that the establishment of Muslim State was a first step to the fulfilment of the dream of Pan-Islamism.
 The Muslims were very upset by the Muslim Mass Contact Movement which was started by the Congress to win the votes of Muslims during and after the general elections of 1937.
 The demand of Pakistan was inevitably the next step in the type of politics which the muslim league had all though been following the gospel of separatism as propounded in the two nation theory
 The full support of the British rulers accelerated the demand for Pakistan.
RESOLUTION FOR PAKISTAN(1940)
Mr.Jinnha propounded the two nation theory.In the Presidential address of Lahore session on March 22,1940.
He declared that the Muslim league would not tolerate Hindu rule but wanted separate home land
Accordingly a resolution was passed on March 23,demanding that the provinces,where the Muslims were in majority,should constitute separate soverign state called Pakistan.
The congress and Muslim leaders opposed this move that the partition of the country would not only weaken both the countries, but would make it impossible for Hindus and Muslims ever to unite for a common cause. However ultimately Congress had to agree for the partition of the country and Pakistan was formed on August 14, 1947.